Efecto de la exposición aguda a la hipoxia sobre la modulación neurovegetativa en reposo y al ejercicio
Palabras clave:
variabilidad del ritmo cardiaco, ejercicio en hipoxia, test de sensibilidad a la hipoxiaResumen
Las respuestas ventilatorias y cardiacas con la exposición aguda a la hipoxia muestran una enorme variación individual. Nosotros consideramos que el sistema nervioso autónomo (SNA) contribuye de manera importante con la variabilidad de esta respuesta. Con el fin de establecer las características de la respuesta de los quimioreceptores a la hipoxia aguda, se efectuó un test de sensibilidad a la hipoxia en 132 sujetos. Durante este test se analizaron las respuestas ventilatorias y cardiacas con una hipoxia simulada de 4.800 metros (FiO = 11,5%), en reposo y durante un ejercicio en bicicleta ergométrica, así como las modificaciones en la variabilidad del ritmo cardiaco (VRC). La exposición a la hipoxia aguda en reposo produjo una disminución significativa de la VRC con relación a la normoxia: potencia espectral total, del componente de alta frecuencia (de 1.389+- 846 ms²/Hz a 1.139,5+- 748 ms²/Hz; p<0,001) y del componente espectral de baja frecuencia (de 1.319 ms²/Hz a 1.169+- 878 ms²/Hz ; (p<0,001) así como un aumento significativo del índice entre los dos componentes (BF/AF) 1,10+- 0,7 a 1,40+- 0,9 (p<0,001). La hipoxia aguda produce entonces una disminución de la modulación ejercida por el sistema nervioso parasimpático y un aumento de la modulación simpático adrenérgica.
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31.Favret F and Richalet JP. Exercise and hypoxia: the role of autonomic nervous system. Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology 158 280–286, 2007
2. Maher JT, Manchada SC, Cymerman A, Wolfe DL, and Hartley LH. Cardiovascular responsiveness to - adrenergi c stimulation and blockade in chronic hypoxia.AmJ Physiol 228: 487-481,1975.
3. Koller EA, Drechsel S, Hess T, Macherel P, and Boutellier U. Effects of atropine and propranolol on the respiratory, circulatory, and ECG responses to high altitude in man. Eur J Appl Physiol 57: 163-172, 1988.
4. Somers VK, Mark AL, Zavala DC, and Abboud F. Influence of ventilation and hypocapnie on sympathetic nerve response to hypoxia in normal humans. J Appl Physiol 67: 2095-2100, 1989.
5. Mazzeo RS, Bender PR, Brooks GA, Butterfield GE, Groves BM, Sutton JR, Wolfel EE, and R eves JT. Arterial catecholamine responses during exercise with acute and chronic high-altitude exposure. AmJ Physiol 261: 419-424, 1991.
6. Reeves JT,Mazzeo RS,Wolfel EE, and Young AJ. Increased arterial pressure after acclimatization to 4300 m: possible role of norepinephrine. Int J Sports Med 13: S18- S21, 1992.
7. SaitoM,Mano T, Iwase S, Koga K, Abe H and Yamazaki Y. Responses in muscle sympathetic activity to acute hypoxia in humans. J Appl Physiol 65: 1548-1552, 1988.
8. Pilardeau P, Richalet JP, Bouissou P, Vaysse J, Larmignat P, and Boom A. Saliva flow and composition in humans exposed to acute hypoxia. Eur J Appl Physiol 59: 450-453, 1990.
9. Richalet JP, Kacimi R, and Antezana A-M. The control of cardiac chronotropic function in hypobaric hypoxia. Int J Sports Med 13: S22-24, 1992.
10.Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology: Heart rate variability. Standards of measurement, physiological interpretation, and clinical use, Circulation 93: 1043-1065, 1996.
11.Pomeranz B, Macaulay RJB, CaudillMA, Kutz I,AdamD, GordonD, Kilborn KM, BargerAC, Shannon DC, Cohen RJ, and Benson H. Assesment of autonomic function in humans by heart rate spectral analysis, Am J Physiol 248: 151-153, 1985.
12.Akselrod S, Gordon D, Ubel FA, Shannon DC, Barger AC, and Cohen RJ. Power spectrum analysis of heart rate fluctuation: a quantitative probe of beat-to-beat cardiovascular control, Science 213: 220- 222, 1981.
13.Pagani M, Lombardi F, Guzzetti S, Rimoldi O, Furlan R, Pizzinelli P, Sandrone G, Malfatto G, Dell'Orto S, Piccaluga E, Turiel M, Baselli G, Cerruti S, and Malliani A. Power spectral
analysis of heart rate and arterial pressure variability as a marker of sympatho-vagal interaction in man and conscious dog. Circ. Res 59: 178-193, 1986.
14.Richalet JP, Keromes A, Dersch B, Corizzi F, Mehdioui H, Pophillat B, Chardonnet H, Tassery F, Herry J-P, Rathat C, Chaduteau C, a n d Da r n a u d B . P hy s i o l o g i c a l characteristics of high altitude climbers. Science et Sport 3 : 89-108, 1988.
15. Povea C., Schmitt L., Brugniaux J., Nicolet G., Richalet J.P., Fouillot J.P. Effects of Intermittent Hypoxia on Heart Rate Variabilty during Rest and Exercise. High altitude medicine & biology, 6, 3: 215–225, 2005.
16.Hughson RL, Yamamoto Y, McCullough RE, Sutton JR,and Reeves JT. Sympathetic and Parasympathetic indicators of heart rate control at altitude studied by spectral analysis. J Appl Physiol 77: 2537–2542, 1994.
17. Perini R, Milesi S, Biancardi L, Veicsteinas A. Effects of high altitude acclimatization on heart rate variability in resting humans. Eur J Appi Physiol 73: 521-528, 1996.
18. Farinelli CCJ, Kayser B, Binzoni T, Cerretelli P, and Girardier L. Autonomic nervous control of heart rate at altitude (5050 m). Eur J Appl Physiol 69: 502-507, 1994.
19. Bernardi L, Passino C, Spadacini G, Calciati A, Robergs R, Greene R, Martignoni E, Anand I, and AppenzellerO. Cardiovascular autonomic modulation and activity of carotid baroreceptors at altitude. Clinical Science 95: 565-573, 1998.
20. Sevre K, Bendz B, Hanko E,Nakstad AR, HaugeA, Kasin JI, Lefrandt JD, SmitAJ, Eide I and Rostrup M. Reduced autonomic activity during stepwise exposure to high altitude Acta Physiol Scand 173: 409-417, 2001.
21. Roche F, Reynaud C, Garet M, Pichot V, Costes F, and Barthelemy JC. Cardiac baroreflex control in humans during and immediately after brief exposure to simulated high altitude. Clin Physiol&Func Im 22: 301-306, 2002.
22. Kanai M, Nishihara F, Shiga T, Shimada H, and Saito S. Alterations in autonomic nervous control of heart rate among tourists at 2700 and 3700mabove sea level Wilderness and EnvironmentalMedicine 2: 8-12, 2001.
23. Povea C, Analisis espectral del ritmo cardiaco, utilidad en el deporte. Acta Colombiana de Medicina de Deporte. 12: 2; 3-15, 2006.
24. Arai Y, Saul JP, Albrecht P, Hartley LH, Lilly LS, Cohen RJ, and Colucci WS. Modulation of cardiac autonomic activity during and immediately after exercise. Am J Physiol 256: 132-141, 1989.
25. Yamamoto Y, Hoshikawa Y, and Miyashita M. Effects of acute exposure to simulated altitude on heart rate variability during exercise. J Appl Physiol 81: 1223-1229, 1996.
26. Bernardi L, Keller F, Sanders M, Reddy PS, Griffith B, Meno F, and Pinsky MR. Respiratory sinus arrhythmia in the denervated human heart. J Appl Physiol 67:1447-1455, 1989.
27.Casadei B, Moon J, Johnston J, Caiazza A, and Sleight P. Is respiratory sinus arrhythmia a good index of cardiac vagal tone in exercise?. J Appl Physiol 81: 556- 564, 1996.
28.Trimarco B, Chierchia S, Lembo G, De Luca, Ricciardelli B, Condorelli G, Volpe M, and Condorelli M. Prolonged duration of myocardial ischemia in patients with coronary heart disease and impaired cardiopulmonary baroreceptor sensitivity. Circulation 81:1792-1802, 1990.
29.Barron HV and Viskin S. Autonomic markers and prediction of cardiac death after myocardial infarction. Lancet 351:461-462,1998.
30.Voelkel NF, Hegstrand L, Reeves JT,Mcmurty IF, and Molinoff PB. Effects of hypoxia on density of - adrenergic receptors. J Appl Physiol 50: 363-366, 1981.
31.Favret F and Richalet JP. Exercise and hypoxia: the role of autonomic nervous system. Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology 158 280–286, 2007
Cómo citar
1.
Povea C, Fouillot JP, Richalet JP. Efecto de la exposición aguda a la hipoxia sobre la modulación neurovegetativa en reposo y al ejercicio. Rev. Colomb. Med. Fis. Rehabil. [Internet]. 19 de abril de 2012 [citado 25 de abril de 2024];19(2):34-42. Disponible en: https://revistacmfr.org/index.php/rcmfr/article/view/35
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