Effects of physical excercise on cardiovascular risk factors constituting the metabolic syndrome: an alternative to reduce your trend
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.28957/rcmfr.v27n2a2Keywords:
Metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease, physical exercise, aerobic exercise, diabetesAbstract
Metabolic syndrome is a constellation of related metabolic risk factors that appear directly to promote the development of diabetes and cardiovascular disease; It is estimated that more than 300 million people suffer from the metabolic syndrome worldwide. Due to the high prevalence of the metabolic syndrome and it´s components, it is necessary to create new strategies on a large scale that shorten the times in the generation of knowledge and that allow to design prevention and treatment models to reduce the prevalence of this disorder; and physical exercise is a key component of such strategies. The aim of this article was to conduct a review of the literature on the effects of physical exercise on all components of the metabolic syndrome. The selection of the articles that were part of the present investigation were consulted in the following databases: PubMed, MedLine, CsiELO and Cochrane. The review suggeststhat physical exercise has important beneficial effects, mainly aerobic exercise, in most of the cardiovascular risk factors that constitute the metabolic syndrome and is an effective alternative in both prevention and treatment.
References
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7. Oh SW, Yoon YS, Lee ES, et al. Association between cigarette smoking and metabolic syndrome: the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Diabetes Care 2005; 28: 2064-2066.
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10. Olaíz-Fernández G, Rivera-Dommarco J, Shamah-Levy T, Villalpando-Hernández S, et al. Encuesta nacional de salud y nutrición 2006. Cuernavaca, México: Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública.
11. Berggren JR, Hulver MW, Houmard JA. Fat as an endocrine organ: influence of exercise. Journal Applied Physiology. 2005;99: 757-764.
12. Capel F, Klimcakova E, Viguerie N, Roussel B, Vítkova M, Kovacikpva M, et al. Macrophages and adipocytes in human obesity, adipose tissue gene expression and insulin sensitivity during calorie restriction and weight stabilization. Diabetes. 2012; 58:1558-1567.
13. Christianson JL, Nicoloro S, Straubhaar J, Czech MP. Stearoyl CoA desaturase 2 is required for PPAR? expression and adipogenesis in cultured 3T3-L1 cells. J Biol Chem. 2007; 283: 2906-2916.
14. Curat CA. From blood monocytes to adipose tissue-resident macrophages: induction of diapedesis by human mature adipocytes. Diabetes. 2004; 53: 1285-1292
15. Sartipy P, Loskutoff DJ. Monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 in obesity and insulin resistance. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2003; 100: 7265-7270.
16. Leguisamo N, Lehnen AM, Machado U, Okamoto MM, Markoski MM, et al. GLUT4 content decreases along with insulin resistance and high levels of inflammatory markers in rats with metabolic syndrome. Cardiovascular Diabetology. 2012;11: 100.
17. Kelley DE, Mokan M, Simoneau JA, Mandarino LJ. Interaction between glucose and free fatty acid metabolism in human skeletal muscle. J Clin Invest.1993; 92: 91-98.
18. Bouzakri K, Zierath JR. MAP4K4 gene silencing in human skeletal muscle prevents tumor necrosis factor-?-induced insulin resistance. J Biol Chem. 2007; 282: 7783-7789.
19. Palomo I, Moore R, Alarcón M, Rojas A, Mujica V, Hasbun S. Fisiopatología del estado protrombótico en el síndrome metabólico. Acta Médica Colombiana. 2009;32:80-84.
20. Moreno B, Zugasti A, Jiménez AI. Síndrome metabólico. Concepto, patogenia y diagnóstico. 2009 .Actitud clínica. Madrid, España, Médica Panamericana.
21. Funk SD, Yurdagul Jr A, Orr W. Hyperglycemia and endothelial dysfunction in atherosclerosis: lessons from type 1 diabetes. International Journal of Vascular Medicine. 2012; 1-19.
22. Teixeira E, Oliveira J, Páscoa J, Reis F. Regular physical exercise as a strategy to improve antioxidant and anti-inflamatory status: benefits in tipe 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Review article. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. 2012; 1-15.
23. Röckl KSC, Witczak CA, Goodyear JL. Diabetes, mitocondrias y ejercicio. Revista Española de Cardiología. 2008; 8: 27C-34C.
24. López J, Fernández A. Fisiología del ejercicio. 2006; Madrid, España:Editorial Médica Panamericana.
25. Henriksen EJ. Invited review: effects of acute exercise and exercise training on insulin resistance. Journal Applied Physiology. 2001;93:788-796.
26. Tall AR Exercise to reduce cardiovascular risk–how much is enough? N Engl J Med. 2001; 347: 1522-1524.
27. Haskell WL, Lee I-M, Pate RR, Powell KE, Blair SN, Franklin BA, et al. Physical activity and public health, update recommendation for adults from the American college of sports medicine and the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2007; 116: 1081-1093.
28. Kelley GA, Kelley KS, Trand Z. Aerobic exercise and lipids and lipoproteins in women: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Int Journal Obese. 2005;13 (10): 1148-1164.
29. Kelley GA, Kelley KS, Roberts S, Haskell W. Efficacy of Aerobic exercise and a prudent diet for improving selected lipids and lipoproteins in adults: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. BMC Medicine. 2011; 9: 74.
30. Pattyn N, Cornelissen VA, Toghi SR, Vanhees L. The effect of exercise on the cardiovascular risk factors constituting the metabolic syndrome, a meta-analysis of controlled trials. Sports Medicine. 2013;43:121-133.
31. Figueira FR, Umpierre D, Casali KR, Tetelbom PS, Henn NT, et al. Aerobic and combined exercise sessions reduce glucose variability in type 2 diabetes: crossover randomized trial. PLoS One. 2013;8(3):e5773.
32. Goldberg IJ. Diabetic dyslipidemia: causes and consequences. Journal Clinical Endocrinolgy Metabolic. 2001; 86: 965-971.
33. Chudyk A, Petrella RJ. Effects of exercise on cardiovascular risk factors in type 2 diabetes. A meta-analysis. Diabetes Care. 2011; 34:1228-1237.
34. Ten Brinke R, Dekker N, de Groot M, Ikkersheim D. Lowering HbA1c in type 2 diabetics results in reduced risk of coronary heart disease and all-cause mortality. Care Diabetes. 2008; 2: 45-49.
35. Cornelissen VA, Smart NA. Exercise training for blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal American Heart Association. 2013; 2: e004473.
36. Lewington S, Clarke R, Qizilbash N, et al. Prospective Studies Collaboration. Agespecific relevance of usual blood pressure to vascular mortality: a meta-analysis of individual data for one million adults in 61 prospective studies. Lancet. 2002; 360(9349):1903-13.
37. Katzmarzyk PT, Leon AS, Wilmore JH, et al. Targeting the metabolic syndrome with exercise: evidence from the HERITAGE Family Study. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2003;35(10): 1703-9.
38. Anderssen SA, Carroll S, Urdal P, et al. Combined diet and exercise intervention reverses the metabolic syndrome in middleaged males: results from the Oslo Diet and Exercise Study. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2007; 17(6): 687-95.
39. Adams, O.P. The impact of brief highintensity exercise on blood glucose levels. Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Trgets and Therapy. 2013; 6: 113-122.
40. Alomari, M.A., Shqair, D.M., Khabour, O.F., Alawneh, K., Nazzal, M.I., Keewan E.F. (2012). The clinical and nonclinical values of nonexercise estimation of cardiovascular endurance in young asymptomatic individuals. The scientific world journal, 2012, 1-9.
41. Arciero, P.J., Vukovich, M.D., Holloszy, J.O., Racette, S.B., Kort, W.M. Comparison of short-term diet and exercise on insulin action in individuals with abnormal glucose tolerance. Journal Applied Physiology. 1999;86, 1930-1935.
42. Bacci, E., Negri, C., Trombetta, M., Zanolin, M.E., Lanza, M. et al. Differences in the acute effects of aerobic and resistance exercise in subjects with type 2 diabetes: result from the RAED2 randomized trial. Plos One. ;7(12): 1-8.
43. Beltrán-Sánchez, H., Crimmins, E.M., Teruel, G.M., Thomas, D. Links between childhood and adults social circumstances and obesity and hypertension in the Mexican population. Journal Aging Medicine. ;23(7):1141-1165.
44. Bello, A.J., Owusu-Boakye, M., Adegoke, B.O.A., Adjei, D.N. (2011). Effects of aerobic exercise on selected physiological parameters and quality of life in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. International Journal of General Medicine, 4, 723-727.
45. Dutheil, F., Lac, G., Courteix, D., Doré, E., Chapier, R., Roszyk, L., et al. (2012). Treatment of metabolic syndrome by combination of physical activity and diet needs an optimal protein intake: a randomized controlled trial. Nutrition Journa, 11, 72.
46. Evans, E.M., Van, R.E., Binder, E.F., Williams, D.B., Ehsani, A.A., Kohrt, W.M. (2001). Effects of HRT and exercise training on insuline action, glucose tolerance, and body composition in older women. Journal Applied Physiology, 90, 2033-2040.
47. Fisher, G., Hunter, G.R., Gower, B.A. (2012). Aerobic exercise training conserves insulin sensitivity for 1 yr following weigth loss in overweight women. Journal Applied Physiology. 112, 688-693.
48. Ginsberg, H.N., MacCallum, P.R. (2009). The obesity, metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus pandemic: part I. increased cardiovascular disease risk and the importance of atherogenic dyslipidemia in persons with the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Journal Cardiometabolic Syndrome 4(2), 113-119.
49. Gomes, E. (2012). High-intensity interval training and hypertension: maximizing the benefits of exercise?. American Journal Cardiovascular Disease, 2(2), 102-110.
50. Henriksen, E.J. (2001). Invited review: effects of acute exercise and exercise training on insulin resistance. Journal Applied Physiology. 93, 788-796.
51. Kirwan, J.P., O´Gorman, D., Evans, W.J. (1998). A moderate glycemic meal before endurance exercise can enhance performance. Jornal Applied Physiology, 84, 53-59.
52. Kwon, H.R., Min, K..W., Ahn, H.J., Seok, H.G., Lee, J.H., Park, G.S., et al. Effects of Aerobic exercise vs resistance training on endotelial function in women with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes and metabolism journal. ;35: 364-373.
53. Madden, K.M., Lockhart, C., Cuff, D., Potter, T.F., Meneilly, G.S. Short-term aerobic exercise reduces arterial stiffness in older adults with type 2 diabetes, hypertension and hypercholesterolemia. Diabetes care. 2009; 32: 1531-1535.
54. Menshikova, E.V., Ritov, V.B., Ferrell, R.E., Azuma, K., Goodpaster, B.H., Kelley, D.E. Characteristics of skeletal muscle mitochondrial biogenesis induced by moderateintensity exercise and weight loss in obesity. Journal Applied Physiology. 2007; 103: 21-27.
55. O´Neill, H.M. AMPK and exercise: glucose uptake and insulin sensitivity. Diabetes and Metabolism Journal. 2013; 37: 1-21.
2. Guilherme A, Virbasius JV, Puri V, Czech MP. Adipocyte dysfunctions linking obesity to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology. 2008; 9(5):367-77.
3. Reaven GM: Role of insulin resistance in human disease. Diabetes. 1988; 37: 1595-1607.
4. Gustat J, Srinivasan SR, Elkasabany A, Berenson GS. Relation of self-rated measures of physical activity to multiple risk factors of insulin resistance syndrome in young adults: the Bogalusa Heart Study. J Clin Epidemiol. 2002; 55: 997-1006.
5. Ford ES, Giles WH, Dietz WH. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among US adults: findings from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. JAMA.2002; 287: 356-359.
6. Ouellet V, Marois J, Weisnagel SJ, Jacques H. Dietary cod otein improves insulin sensitivity in insulin-resistant men and women. Diabetes Care. 2007; 30: 2816-2821.
7. Oh SW, Yoon YS, Lee ES, et al. Association between cigarette smoking and metabolic syndrome: the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Diabetes Care 2005; 28: 2064-2066.
8. Tjonna, A.E., Lee, S.J., Rognmo, O., Stolen, T.O., Bye, A., Haram, P.M., et al. Aerobic interval training versus continuous moderate exercise as a treatment for the metabolic syndrome: a pilot study. Circulation. 2008; 118: 346-354.
9. Rojas R, Aguilar-Salinas CA, Jiménez-Corona A, Shamah-Levy T, Rauda J, Ávila-Burgos L, Villalpando S, Lazcano E. Metabolic syndrome in Mexican adults. Results from the National Health and Nutrition Survey 2006. Salud Pública de México. 2010; 52(1):s11-s18.
10. Olaíz-Fernández G, Rivera-Dommarco J, Shamah-Levy T, Villalpando-Hernández S, et al. Encuesta nacional de salud y nutrición 2006. Cuernavaca, México: Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública.
11. Berggren JR, Hulver MW, Houmard JA. Fat as an endocrine organ: influence of exercise. Journal Applied Physiology. 2005;99: 757-764.
12. Capel F, Klimcakova E, Viguerie N, Roussel B, Vítkova M, Kovacikpva M, et al. Macrophages and adipocytes in human obesity, adipose tissue gene expression and insulin sensitivity during calorie restriction and weight stabilization. Diabetes. 2012; 58:1558-1567.
13. Christianson JL, Nicoloro S, Straubhaar J, Czech MP. Stearoyl CoA desaturase 2 is required for PPAR? expression and adipogenesis in cultured 3T3-L1 cells. J Biol Chem. 2007; 283: 2906-2916.
14. Curat CA. From blood monocytes to adipose tissue-resident macrophages: induction of diapedesis by human mature adipocytes. Diabetes. 2004; 53: 1285-1292
15. Sartipy P, Loskutoff DJ. Monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 in obesity and insulin resistance. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2003; 100: 7265-7270.
16. Leguisamo N, Lehnen AM, Machado U, Okamoto MM, Markoski MM, et al. GLUT4 content decreases along with insulin resistance and high levels of inflammatory markers in rats with metabolic syndrome. Cardiovascular Diabetology. 2012;11: 100.
17. Kelley DE, Mokan M, Simoneau JA, Mandarino LJ. Interaction between glucose and free fatty acid metabolism in human skeletal muscle. J Clin Invest.1993; 92: 91-98.
18. Bouzakri K, Zierath JR. MAP4K4 gene silencing in human skeletal muscle prevents tumor necrosis factor-?-induced insulin resistance. J Biol Chem. 2007; 282: 7783-7789.
19. Palomo I, Moore R, Alarcón M, Rojas A, Mujica V, Hasbun S. Fisiopatología del estado protrombótico en el síndrome metabólico. Acta Médica Colombiana. 2009;32:80-84.
20. Moreno B, Zugasti A, Jiménez AI. Síndrome metabólico. Concepto, patogenia y diagnóstico. 2009 .Actitud clínica. Madrid, España, Médica Panamericana.
21. Funk SD, Yurdagul Jr A, Orr W. Hyperglycemia and endothelial dysfunction in atherosclerosis: lessons from type 1 diabetes. International Journal of Vascular Medicine. 2012; 1-19.
22. Teixeira E, Oliveira J, Páscoa J, Reis F. Regular physical exercise as a strategy to improve antioxidant and anti-inflamatory status: benefits in tipe 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Review article. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. 2012; 1-15.
23. Röckl KSC, Witczak CA, Goodyear JL. Diabetes, mitocondrias y ejercicio. Revista Española de Cardiología. 2008; 8: 27C-34C.
24. López J, Fernández A. Fisiología del ejercicio. 2006; Madrid, España:Editorial Médica Panamericana.
25. Henriksen EJ. Invited review: effects of acute exercise and exercise training on insulin resistance. Journal Applied Physiology. 2001;93:788-796.
26. Tall AR Exercise to reduce cardiovascular risk–how much is enough? N Engl J Med. 2001; 347: 1522-1524.
27. Haskell WL, Lee I-M, Pate RR, Powell KE, Blair SN, Franklin BA, et al. Physical activity and public health, update recommendation for adults from the American college of sports medicine and the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2007; 116: 1081-1093.
28. Kelley GA, Kelley KS, Trand Z. Aerobic exercise and lipids and lipoproteins in women: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Int Journal Obese. 2005;13 (10): 1148-1164.
29. Kelley GA, Kelley KS, Roberts S, Haskell W. Efficacy of Aerobic exercise and a prudent diet for improving selected lipids and lipoproteins in adults: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. BMC Medicine. 2011; 9: 74.
30. Pattyn N, Cornelissen VA, Toghi SR, Vanhees L. The effect of exercise on the cardiovascular risk factors constituting the metabolic syndrome, a meta-analysis of controlled trials. Sports Medicine. 2013;43:121-133.
31. Figueira FR, Umpierre D, Casali KR, Tetelbom PS, Henn NT, et al. Aerobic and combined exercise sessions reduce glucose variability in type 2 diabetes: crossover randomized trial. PLoS One. 2013;8(3):e5773.
32. Goldberg IJ. Diabetic dyslipidemia: causes and consequences. Journal Clinical Endocrinolgy Metabolic. 2001; 86: 965-971.
33. Chudyk A, Petrella RJ. Effects of exercise on cardiovascular risk factors in type 2 diabetes. A meta-analysis. Diabetes Care. 2011; 34:1228-1237.
34. Ten Brinke R, Dekker N, de Groot M, Ikkersheim D. Lowering HbA1c in type 2 diabetics results in reduced risk of coronary heart disease and all-cause mortality. Care Diabetes. 2008; 2: 45-49.
35. Cornelissen VA, Smart NA. Exercise training for blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal American Heart Association. 2013; 2: e004473.
36. Lewington S, Clarke R, Qizilbash N, et al. Prospective Studies Collaboration. Agespecific relevance of usual blood pressure to vascular mortality: a meta-analysis of individual data for one million adults in 61 prospective studies. Lancet. 2002; 360(9349):1903-13.
37. Katzmarzyk PT, Leon AS, Wilmore JH, et al. Targeting the metabolic syndrome with exercise: evidence from the HERITAGE Family Study. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2003;35(10): 1703-9.
38. Anderssen SA, Carroll S, Urdal P, et al. Combined diet and exercise intervention reverses the metabolic syndrome in middleaged males: results from the Oslo Diet and Exercise Study. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2007; 17(6): 687-95.
39. Adams, O.P. The impact of brief highintensity exercise on blood glucose levels. Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Trgets and Therapy. 2013; 6: 113-122.
40. Alomari, M.A., Shqair, D.M., Khabour, O.F., Alawneh, K., Nazzal, M.I., Keewan E.F. (2012). The clinical and nonclinical values of nonexercise estimation of cardiovascular endurance in young asymptomatic individuals. The scientific world journal, 2012, 1-9.
41. Arciero, P.J., Vukovich, M.D., Holloszy, J.O., Racette, S.B., Kort, W.M. Comparison of short-term diet and exercise on insulin action in individuals with abnormal glucose tolerance. Journal Applied Physiology. 1999;86, 1930-1935.
42. Bacci, E., Negri, C., Trombetta, M., Zanolin, M.E., Lanza, M. et al. Differences in the acute effects of aerobic and resistance exercise in subjects with type 2 diabetes: result from the RAED2 randomized trial. Plos One. ;7(12): 1-8.
43. Beltrán-Sánchez, H., Crimmins, E.M., Teruel, G.M., Thomas, D. Links between childhood and adults social circumstances and obesity and hypertension in the Mexican population. Journal Aging Medicine. ;23(7):1141-1165.
44. Bello, A.J., Owusu-Boakye, M., Adegoke, B.O.A., Adjei, D.N. (2011). Effects of aerobic exercise on selected physiological parameters and quality of life in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. International Journal of General Medicine, 4, 723-727.
45. Dutheil, F., Lac, G., Courteix, D., Doré, E., Chapier, R., Roszyk, L., et al. (2012). Treatment of metabolic syndrome by combination of physical activity and diet needs an optimal protein intake: a randomized controlled trial. Nutrition Journa, 11, 72.
46. Evans, E.M., Van, R.E., Binder, E.F., Williams, D.B., Ehsani, A.A., Kohrt, W.M. (2001). Effects of HRT and exercise training on insuline action, glucose tolerance, and body composition in older women. Journal Applied Physiology, 90, 2033-2040.
47. Fisher, G., Hunter, G.R., Gower, B.A. (2012). Aerobic exercise training conserves insulin sensitivity for 1 yr following weigth loss in overweight women. Journal Applied Physiology. 112, 688-693.
48. Ginsberg, H.N., MacCallum, P.R. (2009). The obesity, metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus pandemic: part I. increased cardiovascular disease risk and the importance of atherogenic dyslipidemia in persons with the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Journal Cardiometabolic Syndrome 4(2), 113-119.
49. Gomes, E. (2012). High-intensity interval training and hypertension: maximizing the benefits of exercise?. American Journal Cardiovascular Disease, 2(2), 102-110.
50. Henriksen, E.J. (2001). Invited review: effects of acute exercise and exercise training on insulin resistance. Journal Applied Physiology. 93, 788-796.
51. Kirwan, J.P., O´Gorman, D., Evans, W.J. (1998). A moderate glycemic meal before endurance exercise can enhance performance. Jornal Applied Physiology, 84, 53-59.
52. Kwon, H.R., Min, K..W., Ahn, H.J., Seok, H.G., Lee, J.H., Park, G.S., et al. Effects of Aerobic exercise vs resistance training on endotelial function in women with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes and metabolism journal. ;35: 364-373.
53. Madden, K.M., Lockhart, C., Cuff, D., Potter, T.F., Meneilly, G.S. Short-term aerobic exercise reduces arterial stiffness in older adults with type 2 diabetes, hypertension and hypercholesterolemia. Diabetes care. 2009; 32: 1531-1535.
54. Menshikova, E.V., Ritov, V.B., Ferrell, R.E., Azuma, K., Goodpaster, B.H., Kelley, D.E. Characteristics of skeletal muscle mitochondrial biogenesis induced by moderateintensity exercise and weight loss in obesity. Journal Applied Physiology. 2007; 103: 21-27.
55. O´Neill, H.M. AMPK and exercise: glucose uptake and insulin sensitivity. Diabetes and Metabolism Journal. 2013; 37: 1-21.
How to Cite
1.
Hernández Alonso A. Effects of physical excercise on cardiovascular risk factors constituting the metabolic syndrome: an alternative to reduce your trend. Rev. Colomb. Med. Fis. Rehabil. [Internet]. 2018 Feb. 21 [cited 2024 May 17];27(2):152-9. Available from: https://revistacmfr.org/index.php/rcmfr/article/view/195
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2018-02-21
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