Effect of backpack weight and design on postural angles
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.28957/rcmfr.v28n1a4Keywords:
Child, children, school, teen, back pain, school bag, suitcase back, postural angles.Abstract
Purpose: To determine the changes in postural angles with different loads and usage of school bags and the possible association with pain in school children and adolescents between 6 and 16 years of age.
Methodology: A cross-sectional study realized in a school in Cota municipality, to determine the school bag features and identification of postural angles changes with different loads and usage of the school bags and the possible association with back pain. A software was used to analyze the photographs and to determine possible alterations of postural angles with different loads of school bags.
Results: 159 children were included in this study. The average age was 10.79 (SD +/- 2.6) years, 45.9% males and 54% females. The average weight, height and body mass index (BMI) were 41.2 kg; 146.7 cm and 18.5 kg / m2 respectively. The school bag average weight was 4.2 kg, equivalent to 12.8% of body weight. The average weight of the bag in females was 4.3 kg (11.5% of body weight) and 4.2 kg (11.7% of body weight). The variation of the angles using the bag carrying the load identified, show a statistically significant difference in craniovertebral
angle in all groups evaluated (7-9 years p=0.002, 10-11 years p= <0.001, >11 years p= <0.001). 27.6% of children reported pain with the bag use. There are a statistically significant association between the presence of incidental pain and the girls OR = 2.22 (95% CI 1.04-4.74), the perception of usual load in the school bag OR = 1.6 (95% CI 1.04-2.48), the bag average weight OR = 1.36 (95% CI 1.06-1.75).
Conclusion: 51% of school bags exceed 10% of body weight in a range of 1.07-10.2 kg. In many cases, the empty school bag could become 5% of the body weight of the child. The school bag average weight was 13.3% in children who report pain. The back pain was the most common type. The school bag average weight and the perception of usual load in the school
bag, are may be related to the incidental pain.
References
2. Skaggs D, Early S, D'Ambra P, Tolo V, Kay R. Back pain and backpacks in school children. J Pediatr Orthop. 2006 May-Jun;26(3):358-63.
3. Rodriguez P, Ruano A, Perez M, Blanco F, Gomez D, Fernandez A, et al. School children's backpacks, back pain and back pathologies. Arch Dis Child. 2012;97:73032.
4. McEvoy M, Grimmer K. Reliability of upright posture measurements in primary school children. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2005;6:35 doi:10.1186/1471-2474-6-35.
5. Grimmer K, Dansie B, Milanse S, Ubon P. Adolescent standing postural response to backpack loads: A randomized controlled experimental study. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders 2002;3:10.
6. Shi Wei M, Dong-Qing X, Jing L, Meng L. Effect of backpack load on the head, cervical spine and shoulder postures in children during gait termination. Ergonomics, 2013;56(12):1908-6, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2013.851281.
7. Ihme N, Gossen D, Olszynska B, Lorani A, Kochs A. Can an insufficient posture of children and adolescents be verified instrumentally? Z Orthop Ihre Grenzgeb. 2002 Jul-Aug;140(4):415-22.
8. Ramprasad M, Alias J, Raghuveer A. Effect of backpack weight on postural angles in preadolescent children. Indian Pediatr. 2010 Jul;47(7):575-80. Epub 2009 Oct 14.
9. Mann A, Loudon I, Lawson A, Robb J, Meadows C. Prospective study of gait maturation in normal children. 1995;3(4):271-72. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0966-6362(96)82867-0December.
10. Watson A, Mac Donncha C. A reliable technique for the assessment of posture:assessment criteria for aspects of posture. Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2000 Sep;40(3):260-70.
11. American Academy of Pediatrics. Backpack safety (Sitio en Internet). Disponible en http://www.healthychildren.org/English/safety-prevention/at-play/Pages/Backpack-Safety.aspx. Acceso el 4 de noviembre 2015.
12. Wiersema B, Wall E, Foad S. Acute backpack injuries in children. Pediatrics. 2003 Jan;111(1):163-6.
13. González J, Guzmán D. Características y efectos del uso de maletas escolares en la espalda y columna en una población escolar: una prueba piloto. [Tesis doctoral]. Bogotá: Intellectum Repositorio Institucional de la Universidad de La Sabana. 2013.
14. Fairbank J, Couper J, Davies J, O'Brien J. The Oswestry low back pain disability questionnaire. Physiotherapy. 1980 Aug;66(8):271-3.
15. Li A, Yin J, Yu C, Tsang T, So K, Wong E. et al. The six-minute walk test in healthy children: reliability and validity. Eur Respir J. 2005; 25:1057-1060.
16. Peppin J, Marcum S, Kirsh K. The chronic pain patient and functional assessment: use of the 6-Minute Walk Test in a multidisciplinary pain clinic. Curr Med Res Opin. 2014 Mar;30(3):361-5. doi: 10.1185/03007995.2013.828587. Epub 2013 Nov 8.
17. Homann, Stefanello, Góes S, Leite N. Impaired functional capacity and exacerbation of pain and exertion during the 6-minute walk test in women with fibromyalgia. Rev Bras Fisioter, Sao Carlos 2011;15(6):474-80.
18. Laslett M. Pain provocation tests for diagnosis of sacroiliac joint pain. Australian Journal of Physiotherapy. 2006;52:228-9.
19. Dunk N, Lalonde J, Callaghan J. Implications for the use of postural analysis as a clinical diagnostic tool. Reliability of quantifying upright standing spinal postures from photographic images. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 2005;28(6).doi:10.1016/j.jmpt.2005.06.006
20. Refshauge K, Goodsell M, Lee M. Consistency of cervical and cervicothoracicin standing. Aust J Physiother. 1994;40:235-40.
21. Willner S. Spinal pantograph: a noninvasive technique for describing kyphosis and lordosis in the thoraco-lumbar spine. Acta Orthop Scand 1981;52:525-9.
22. Resolución nro. 2121. Adopta los patrones de crecimiento publicados por la Organización Mundial de la Salud, en el 2006 y 2007 para los niños, niñas y adolescentes de 0 a 18 años de edad. Ministerio de la Protección Social. Diario Oficial nro. 47.744 de Bogotá D. C. [Internet] 2010 junio [Acceso:5 de diciembre de 2014]: ]. Disponible en https://www.minsalud.gov.co/Normatividad/Resoluci%C3%B3n%202121%20de%202010.pdf
23. Ibrahim A. Incidence of back pain in egyptian school girls: effect of school bag weight and carrying way. World Applied Sciences Journal 2012;17(11):1526-34.
24. Rodríguez P, Ruano A, Pérez M, Blanco F, Gómez D, et al. School children´s backpacks, back pain and back pathologies. Arch Dis Child. 2012;97(8):730-2.
25. Hong Y, Li X, Wong A. Effects of load carriage on heart rate, blood pressure, and energy expenditure in children. Ergonomics. 2000;43:717-27.
26. Hong Y, Brueggemann G. Changes in gait patterns in 10-year-old boys with increasing loads when wlaking on a treadmill. Gait Posture. 2000;11:254-9.
27. Pascoe DD, Pascoe DE, Wang Y. Influence of carrying book bags on gait cycle and posture of youths. Ergonomics. 1997;40:631-41.
28. Schmitz A, Vierhaus M, Lohaus A. Pain tolerance in children and adolescents: sex differences and psychosocial influences on pain threshold and endurance. Eur J Pain.2013 Jan;17(1):124-31. doi: 10.1002/j.1532-2149.2012.00169.x. Epub 2012 Jun 19.
29. Rao S, Ranganekar A, Saifi A. Pain threshold in relation to sex hormones. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 1987 Oct-Dec;31(4):250-4.
How to Cite
Downloads
Downloads
Additional Files
Published
Issue
Section
